“What do I need to know how to do in order to pursue a career in security?” Good news! I just happen to have drafted this roadmap of reading material just for you!
In my previous writeup, I provided a roadmap of reading material for anyone who is interested in developing a career in security. The material covered concepts that should be understood by anyone working in the field- but the material didn’t cover how to “do” security. This article summarizes topics & activities that are well understood by anyone doing security work professionally. If you develop mastery of these ideas, you’ll be approaching a point where you can start doing meaningful security work. Unfortunately you won’t be done reading after you’ve finished this writeup. I have at least two other guides in draft states that will help guide you on your path towards pursuing a career in Security. This guide helps you establish your foundational knowledge of techniques for restricting access to a system.
Walking The Security Practitioners Path
If we distill security to its most fundamental concept, security is about the controls that ensure that activities are authorized on a system.
We can talk about these ideas abstractly, but unless you actually implement these ideas on a working system, your knowledge won’t have much application. The best way to learn these ideas is by using Linux.
Linux gives you plenty of experience with programs that don’t work because of security controls. You’ll have to learn how to debug those problems in order to get the processes working and eventually you’ll develop taste for the correct way to implement those controls.
This next phase of your education covers how to activate a linux system, implement interesting programs like web servers and some basic capabilities for implementing access controls. My goal in writing this is to provide pointers to well written guides that will help you learn to start “doing” security- which is to say, how to activate controls that protect a system. In my opinion, mastering these topics should be manadatory- however I should highlight that I know many people in the security industry today who don’t have mastery i all of these topics. There are areas in here that I’m not as strong as I’d like to be, as well. Everyone who is good at security struggles with the idea that they need to do more reading when time permits.
Learning Linux
Part 1- Well Begun is Half Done– Dip Your Toes into Linux.
Linux: TL;DR: https://linuxjourney.com/
Learn what Linux is and it’s history. You’ll want to learn about the basic purpose of linux if you have no experience with the Operating system. Some day, you’ll need to learn about important related concepts like Posix (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX) and Ansi C (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_C). For now, let’s just learn some history: https://linuxjourney.com/lesson/linux-history
Learn about the Shell (aka the command line) on Linux. Learning the shell is the Computer Science equivalent of learning to walk or bike. You have an operating system or applications you want to interact with? Generally you will be working within a shell. A shell is ‘just’ a program that gives you the ability to use a keyboard to interact with the Operating System. Some day you will need to write shell scripts to automate tedious tasks or filter large amounts of data through scripting, which is a way of executing a series of commands that will execute in some order based on whatever conditions you chose to define. You’ll learn about “environment variables” like PATH and PYTHONPATH, which are variable names with values you’ll modify in order to make new programs or libraries accessible from any filesystem location while you’re in the shell. The shell is your foundation for working with a linux machine. https://linuxjourney.com/lesson/the-shell. Alternatively, this tutorial teaches you how to get around the shell.
Learn about User Accounts & Groups. This helps you understand the foundational framework of access controls on computers. When you need to protect data from access by an unauthorized party, you’ll need to use account & group management concepts. Learning about accounts & groups will help you understand important concepts like what the “root” account’s purpose is, what the “wheel,” “www-data,” and “nobody” groups purpose are and more. As you develop your security skills you’ll eventually need to learn about how hackers elevate privilege. Learning accounts and groups his will give you a foundation when we are ready to learn about “privilege escalation” https://linuxjourney.com/lesson/users-and-groups
Learn about File Permissions. When you are ready to actually protect that data from unauthorized access, you’ll have to read & evaluate the correctness of filesystem permissions. If you have a file on a system with multiple users, you need to learn how to control who can access it and define the level of access (read, write, executable, SUID, etc). Again- some day you will be responsible for helping make sure sensitive files are only accessible by the correct people- and that those people have the right level of access. You need to learn file permissions to perform this task. One way to know if you’ve mastered this topic is to evaluate if you can propose accurate Access Control Permissions on a web directory. Make one version that’s dangerous, and one that’s safe. Be able to explain why they’re dangerous, and how they could be exploited. Start your journey here: https://linuxjourney.com/lesson/file-permissions
Learn about the “Filesystem.” A file system is the logical structure where you store “files.” An operating system without the ability to process files is of limited utility. In the windows world, we have drives with names and folders. In the MacOS world, we have drives with names & folders. in iOS & Android, there is a file system, but it’s implementation is not as central to the user experience. In linux, deeply understanding what the directories are under”/” is critically important. There are “files” in the /proc directory that can tell you important statistics about system performance. Configuring servers that you’ll install will require an understanding of the /etc, /var and other directories. If a server is under DDOS attack, you’ll need to understand information about the number of network connections that the system is currently supporting. You can indirectly use tooling like ifconfig to gather system performance information, or you could just do an ls against /proc/net/dev. You’ll also need to learn about read only filesystems like squashFS (https://tldp.org/HOWTO/SquashFS-HOWTO/whatis.html). Someday, you’ll need to figure out what is actually happening when you type “ls” into the shell and it somehow enumerates the files that were in your current directory. If you type another random command in, it doesn’t work. Why? How did the OS know which version of “ls” to run? Where does this “ls” binary live anyway? Learning file systems is mandatory. https://linuxjourney.com/lesson/filesystem-hierarchy
Learn about /dev. An extremely important design philosophy in Unix is that “everything is a file.” Hardware is directly accessible through the file system. Some hardware is represented as file system objects. Learning about the dev directory will give you important insight into how devices work on the system, which at some point, you may want to tamper with if you aspire to be a hardware hacker. https://linuxjourney.com/lesson/dev-directory
Learn about the Kernel. The kernel is the mechanism for controlling hardware. It is where security policies get enforced. If the kernel is compromised, all security assumptions break. You need to understand this important resource conceptually to work in this industry- both for defense & offense. https://linuxjourney.com/lesson/kernel-overview
If you aspire to penetration testing or red teaming, you need to go further and learn about interacting with the kernel.
Linux programming interface: https://www.amazon.com/Linux-Programming-Interface-System-Handbook/dp/1593272200
Kernel Hacking (as in MIT definition): https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/kernel-hacking/index.html
Kernel Hacking (as in exploitation): https://github.com/xairy/linux-kernel-exploitation
The Snowball Effect
If you’ve gotten this far, we learned about the Kernel, the Filesystem, Permissions, User accounts and a little hardware. This is a good stopping point- we have a golfball-sized snowball- you basically know the perimeter of the pitch. In my next sections, we’ll take that snowball up to the top of a mountain and give it a nudge: We’ll cover how to make things happen on a Linux system through process management and we’ll learn how to make our linux system talk through the power of IP networking. After that, we’ll start to cover the topics of a security practitioner: reverse engineering, vulnerability discovery, exploitation & remediation and eventually how to protect processes, systems & keys.
